Research Library

Documents BPC-157 mechanisms including VEGFR2 activation, Akt-eNOS nitric oxide synthesis, and ERK1/2 signalling that drive angiogenesis, fibroblast activity, and neuromuscular stabilisation in tendon and myotendinous junction models.

Systematic review of 36 studies (1993–2024) reporting improved healing outcomes in fracture, tendon rupture, ligament tear, and muscle injury models through growth factor upregulation and anti-inflammatory action.

Comparative study in MC4R knockout mice showing Retatrutide, Tirzepatide, and Semaglutide all produce significant fat mass reduction, metabolic improvement, and favourable lipid profiles via GLP-1 receptor pathways.

Characterises TB-500 and metabolite pharmacokinetics while confirming wound-healing bioactivity of the LKKTETQ core fragment in vitro.

Phase II dose-ranging RCT reporting up to 24.2% mean body weight reduction with Retatrutide 12mg — establishing triple GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonism as a next-generation metabolic research target.

Reports semaglutide 2.4mg produced significant improvements in body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, and lipid profile across the STEP 1-5 obesity trial programme compared to placebo.

Phase III RCT demonstrating up to 20.9% mean body weight reduction with Tirzepatide 15mg vs placebo across 72 weeks in adults with obesity — the pivotal SURMOUNT-1 trial.

Reviews BPC-157 wound-healing activity across skin, fistula, burn and diabetic ulcer models, demonstrating equipotent efficacy across multiple routes of administration.

Reviews Thymosin Beta-4 regenerative mechanisms including actin sequestration, cell migration, angiogenesis, and anti-apoptotic signalling across cardiac, neural, and connective tissue models.

Comprehensive review of NAD+ biosynthesis, consumption pathways (sirtuins, PARPs, CD38), and the metabolic consequences of age-related NAD+ decline across tissues.

Reviews the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonism mechanism of Tirzepatide, preclinical metabolic data, and Phase I/II clinical results demonstrating superior glycaemic and weight outcomes vs GLP-1 monotherapy.

Reviews Sermorelin as a 29-amino-acid GHRH(1-29) analogue, noting it stimulates pituitary GH release without significantly altering prolactin, cortisol, or thyroid hormone levels, supporting FDA approval for GH deficiency in 1997.

Comprehensive review of the SUSTAIN 1-7 trial programme showing semaglutide consistently demonstrated superior glycaemic control and weight loss versus all comparators, with significant cardiovascular event reduction in high-risk patients.

Documents GHK-Cu's capacity to up- and down-regulate over 4,000 human genes, essentially resetting gene expression toward a healthier state including DNA repair, antioxidant response, and anti-inflammatory pathways.

Details GHK-Cu's fibroblast-activating, collagen-stimulating, and wound-healing properties in animal models, plus its role as a natural plasma protein that declines significantly with age.

Reviews MOTS-c biology including its nuclear translocation under stress, AMPK-mediated metabolic reprogramming, and implications for exercise physiology and age-related metabolic decline.

Pivotal cardiovascular outcomes trial demonstrating once-weekly semaglutide significantly reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 26% versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk.

Randomised placebo-controlled trial supporting the FDA approval of bremelanotide (Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder, demonstrating statistically significant improvement in sexual desire scores versus placebo.

Reviews GHK-Cu's role in skin regeneration: stimulating collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, modulating metalloproteinase activity, and attracting immune and endothelial cells to injury sites.

Discovery paper identifying MOTS-c as a mitochondrially encoded peptide that activates AMPK, improves insulin sensitivity, and reduces obesity and metabolic dysfunction in mice.

Reviews the NAD-sirtuin axis as a central regulator of metabolism and ageing, establishing the rationale for NAD+ precursor supplementation research.

Genome-wide study showing Semax modulates neurotrophic factor gene expression, BDNF receptor upregulation, and vascular-immune pathway activity in ischaemic brain tissue.

Characterises Semax neuroprotective activity via antioxidant enzyme upregulation, mitochondrial stabilisation under calcium stress, and inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis.

Reports improvements in spatial learning and memory consolidation metrics in rodent models following Selank administration, supporting its nootropic research profile.

Reviews Melanotan II as a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist, noting its core His-Phe-Arg-Trp sequence shared with ACTH and alpha-MSH drives androgen-dependent pro-erectile and pigmentation effects.

Reports Phase III clinical trial data in anxiety disorders and neurasthenia, demonstrating anxiolytic efficacy of Selank (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro) comparable to benzodiazepines with superior tolerability.

Demonstrates that intranasal Selank elevates hippocampal BDNF expression in vivo, providing a neurotrophin-based mechanism for its cognitive and anxiolytic effects.

Demonstrates KPV inhibits NF-kB and MAP kinase inflammatory signalling via PepT1-mediated cellular uptake, and reduces incidence of DSS- and TNBS-induced colitis in mice through oral administration.

Phase III randomised controlled trial demonstrating significant visceral fat reduction with Tesamorelin vs placebo — the pivotal trial supporting FDA approval of Egrifta.

Reviews the pharmacology of growth hormone secretagogues including receptor binding, pituitary selectivity, and clinical research implications across the GHS class.

Human trial demonstrating that CJC-1295 sustains pulsatile GH secretion with dose-dependent increases in mean GH and IGF-1 levels over multiple weeks.

Reviews Sermorelin as a GHRH analogue alternative to recombinant human growth hormone therapy in age-related GH insufficiency, noting its physiological pulsatile stimulation mechanism preserves natural feedback regulation.

Demonstrates Melanotan II significantly enhances proceptive sexual behaviours in female rats via central melanocortin receptor activation, providing preclinical behavioural evidence for its CNS mechanism.

Phase II clinical trial demonstrating statistically significant improvements in subjective arousal parameters with PT-141 versus placebo in women with sexual arousal disorder, supporting its CNS-mediated mechanism independent of vascular pathways.

Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of subcutaneous PT-141 in healthy men and PDE5-inhibitor non-responders, establishing dose-response relationships for the melanocortin receptor agonist.

Key in vitro study reporting that Epithalon (AEDG tetrapeptide) induces telomerase activity and produces measurable telomere elongation in human somatic cell cultures.

Shows KPV reduces polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in a crystal-induced peritonitis model via a non-melanocortin-receptor pathway, distinguishing its mechanism from core alpha-MSH peptides.

Demonstrates that alpha-MSH and its C-terminal tripeptide KPV exhibit antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and C. albicans across a broad concentration range including physiological picomolar levels.

Early human studies demonstrating Melanotan II induces penile erection and increased sexual motivation in male subjects, foundational research that led to the development of the refined analogue PT-141.

Foundational study demonstrating that systemic Thymosin Beta-4 accelerates dermal wound closure, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis in rodent models.

Characterises Ipamorelin as the first selective GHS-R1a agonist with potency comparable to GHRP-6 but without significant cortisol, prolactin, or ACTH stimulation — establishing its selectivity profile.

In vivo large animal study characterising the systemic effects of Long R3 IGF-1 administration on the endogenous GH/IGF-1 axis and IGF binding protein regulation.

Demonstrates Long R3 IGF-1 infusion stimulates organ growth in the guinea pig model while paradoxically reducing circulating native IGF-1 and IGFBP concentrations, confirming reduced binding protein sequestration.

Twenty-year research review of pineal peptide preparations in ageing and oncology models, documenting lifespan extension, neuroendocrine modulation, and antitumour effects in rodent studies.

Characterises dose-dependent GH release following intravenous and intranasal GHRH(1-29) administration in healthy adult men, with sustained GH elevation following repeated dosing.

Foundational study describing the Long R3 IGF-1 analogue and documenting its dramatically reduced IGFBP binding affinity compared to native IGF-1, establishing the pharmacokinetic rationale for the LR3 modification.

Early study demonstrating that co-administration of GHRH and a GHRP produces a synergistic GH response significantly greater than either compound alone — the mechanistic basis for combined secretagogue research.