Analytical References

Documents BPC-157 mechanisms including VEGFR2 activation, Akt-eNOS nitric oxide synthesis, and ERK1/2 signalling that drive angiogenesis, fibroblast activity, and neuromuscular stabilisation in preclinical tissue models.

Systematic review of 36 preclinical studies (1993–2024) characterising BPC-157 mechanisms including growth factor upregulation and signalling pathway activation across musculoskeletal tissue models.

Characterises TB-500 and metabolite pharmacokinetics via chromatographic separation, identifying the LKKTETQ core fragment as the bioactive component in vitro.

Reviews BPC-157 mechanistic activity across multiple preclinical tissue models, characterising route-of-administration pharmacology and fibroblast signalling responses.

Reviews Thymosin Beta-4 mechanisms including actin sequestration, cell migration, angiogenesis, and anti-apoptotic signalling across neural and connective tissue models.

Comprehensive review of NAD+ biosynthesis, consumption pathways (sirtuins, PARPs, CD38), and the metabolic consequences of age-related NAD+ decline across tissues.

Documents GHK-Cu modulation of over 4,000 gene targets, characterising effects on DNA repair, antioxidant response, and signalling pathway gene expression.

Reviews MOTS-c biology including its nuclear translocation under metabolic stress conditions and AMPK-mediated metabolic reprogramming pathways.

Reviews GHK-Cu mechanisms including metalloproteinase modulation and immune cell recruitment characterisation in dermal research models.

Discovery paper identifying MOTS-c as a mitochondrially encoded peptide that activates AMPK and modulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism in murine models.

Reviews the NAD-sirtuin axis as a central regulator of cellular metabolism, characterising NAD+-dependent deacetylase signalling pathways and their downstream effects.

Characterises Semax mechanism of action via antioxidant enzyme upregulation, mitochondrial stabilisation under calcium stress, and inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis.

Characterises spatial learning consolidation metrics in rodent models following Selank administration, profiling its CNS signalling mechanism.

Demonstrates that intranasal Selank elevates hippocampal BDNF expression in vivo, characterising its neurotrophin-based signalling mechanism.

Characterises KPV-mediated NF-kB and MAP kinase signalling via PepT1-mediated cellular uptake in murine gastrointestinal tissue models.

Reviews the pharmacology of growth hormone secretagogues including receptor binding, pituitary selectivity, and GHS class characterisation.

Characterises Melanotan II-induced central melanocortin receptor activation in female rat models, documenting dose-dependent CNS-mediated behavioural responses via MC4R pathway engagement.

Key in vitro study reporting that Epithalon (AEDG tetrapeptide) induces telomerase activity and produces measurable telomere elongation in human somatic cell cultures.

Characterises KPV mechanism via non-melanocortin-receptor pathway, distinguishing it from core alpha-MSH peptides in crystal-induced peritonitis models.

Demonstrates that alpha-MSH and its C-terminal tripeptide KPV exhibit antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and C. albicans across a broad concentration range including physiological picomolar levels.

Foundational rodent study characterising Thymosin Beta-4 effects on dermal matrix deposition, angiogenesis, and fibroblast activity following topical and systemic administration.

Characterises Ipamorelin as a selective GHS-R1a agonist with potency comparable to GHRP-6 but without significant cortisol, prolactin, or ACTH stimulation — establishing its selectivity profile.

In vivo large animal study characterising the systemic effects of Long R3 IGF-1 administration on the endogenous GH/IGF-1 axis and IGF binding protein regulation.

Characterises Long R3 IGF-1 infusion effects on the endocrine axis in guinea pig models, confirming reduced binding protein sequestration compared to native IGF-1.

Foundational study describing the Long R3 IGF-1 analogue and documenting its dramatically reduced IGFBP binding affinity compared to native IGF-1, establishing the pharmacokinetic rationale for the LR3 modification.

Early in vivo study demonstrating that co-administration of GHRH and a GHRP produces a synergistic GH response significantly greater than either compound alone — the mechanistic basis for combined secretagogue research.